BS, magna cum laude: University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 1992
MD, summa cum laude: University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 1996
Diplomate: American Board of Ophthalmology
Member: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, American Medical Association, South Dakota Academy of Ophthalmology, Black Hills Medical Society

RN: Sioux Valley Hospital School of Nursing, Sioux Falls, SD, 1980
Physician Assistant Certificate: University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 1993
Member: American Academy of Physician Assistants

OD: Pacific University College of Optometry, Forest Grove, OR, 1991
Preceptorship:Veterans Administration Hospital, Hot Springs, SD
Member: South Dakota Board of Examiners in Optometry, American Optometric Association, South Dakota Optometric Society, Black Hills Optometric Society

MD with Distinction: University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK 1978
Diplomate: American Board of Ophthalmology
Member: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association, South Dakota Academy of Ophthalmology, South Dakota State Medical Association, Black Hills District Medical Society, University of Oklahoma Ophthalmology Alumni Association